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• Properties of Ammonia:
colorless gas, pungent odour, M.P -77.7 oC, B.P -33.3 oC, LEL 16% ,UEL 25%, TLV 25 ppm, STEL 35 ppm
• General preventive measures:
•Designing of layout of area with due consideration of adequate natural or mechanical ventilation.
•Use of properly selected material for construction of plant and equipment for handling of ammonia.
•Preventive maintenance of all equipment in proper working condition.
•Avoid contact of ammonia with certain other chemicals including mercury, chlorine, iodine, bromine etc.
First Aid:
•Keep trained first aiders having knowledge in the use of first aid equipment.
•Provide necessary showers , eye baths and oxygen administration apparatus.
•Suitable notices should be fixed in convenient places regarding first aid measures.
•PPEs:
•Provide adequate and suitable PPEs at all times.
•Leakage Tools:
•Use large volume of water directly on leak
•Leaks of ammonia should be searched for preferably with HCl solution or with a small cylinder of compressed SO2 gases.
•Gas masks should be located at strategic points under working condition and to be easily accessible in the event of any emergency.
•Storage and Handling Controls:
•Indoor storage: storage should be cool, dry, well ventilated and protected from external heat source.
•The building protected with automatic sprinklers, vapor tight electrical equipment, good natural ventilation, good floor drainage and adequate exposition venting.
•Outdoor storage: the location should be away from any flammable liquid storage.
•Bulk Storage:
•In case of multiple storage facilities, a plan should be prepared for readily and definitely approaching all shutoff valves to be used for isolating various parts of storage facilities.
•Each storage area should be protected at least by one standard fire hydrant.
•Gauge of glass should be provided with excess flow check valves. The gauge glass should not be longer than 120 cm and more than 60 cm between supports.
•Storage tank construction should be of integrity and double wall type known as ‘can in tank’ type.
•Each storage tank shall be equipped with two relief valves mounted on a 3-way hand valve to provide means for repair of faulty valve.
•Install remote control valve at the bottom of ammonia storage tank.
•Facilities for creating water curtains around the ammonia storage tanks should be created to absorb ammonia vapors if they leak out, however, care should be taken not to add water to the liquid ammonia else it will worsen the situation.
•Non refrigerated ammonia should be stored in gas tight containers.
•In the event of power failure, provision should be made to run the holding compressor of all ammonia storage by emergency diesel generating sets so as to compress excess vapor into liquid ammonia.
•A flare stack should be provided to burn ammonia vapor in case safety valve fails to release ammonia pressure.
